Brazilian government holds the mining giants responsible for one of the nation’s worst ever environmental disasters, and is demanding $5bn

A judge has frozen the Brazilian assets of mining giants BHP Billiton and Vale SA after determining their joint venture Samarco was unable to pay for widespread damage caused by the bursting of a dam at its mine last month.

In a ruling issued late on Friday, the judge in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais determined that Vale and BHP could be held responsible for the disaster at the iron ore mine, for which the government is demanding 20bn reais ($5bn) in compensation.

Brazil's mining tragedy: was it a preventable disaster?

As the ‘sea of mud’ continues its path of destruction, allegations have surfaced that the dam collapse was a result of government and industry negligence.

Vale and BHP each said they had not yet been notified about the decision. The companies are able to appeal.

The dam rupture , which turned into Brazil’s worst ever environmental disaster, killed 16 people, left hundreds homeless and polluted a river 800km (500-miles) long that flows across two states.

Despite the scale of the crisis, Vale had argued Samarco, as an independent legal entity and a sizeable company in its own right, was wholly responsible for the accident and the subsequent damage and fines.

But federal judge Marcelo Aguiar Machado disagreed. “I understand to be correct the allegation that Vale and BHP, as controllers of Samarco, can be classified as indirect polluters and as such responsible for the environmental damage caused,” he wrote in his 19-page judgment.

The judgment did not specify the value of assets that had been blocked, but mentioned prosecutor estimates that Samarco did not have the funds to cover more that half of the 20 billion reais being sought in damages.

Machado imposed a number of other requirements, among which Samarco must make an initial deposit of 2bn reais within 30 days to cover the clean-up process. If the deadline is missed, the companies will face a fine of 1.5m reais for each day the balance remains unpaid.

The companies must map out an extensive clean-up plan and work out how to stop mud from contaminating sources of mineral water.

Samarco, BHP and Vale must also contract within 10 days a company to evaluate the contamination to fish caused by the mud slide, and the possible risk to humans who might consume them.

Failure to meet these deadlines, and others listed in the judgement, face a daily fine of 150,000 reais.

Brazil dam disaster: judge freezes assets of miners BHP and Vale