Denmark has sent additional troops to Greenland after US President Donald Trump threatened European countries with tariffs unless he is allowed to purchase the self-governing Arctic island.

Trump has long sought to acquire Greenland from Denmark, citing national security concerns and the need to deter the influence of Russia and China in the region. European NATO members have rallied in support of Copenhagen, which has rejected Trump’s offer.

A new batch of Danish soldiers landed in Greenland on Monday. Major General Soren Andersen, commander of Denmark’s Joint Arctic Command in Greenland, told local media that at least 100 troops were stationed in the island’s capital Nuuk, with another 100 deployed to Kangerlussuaq.

https://www.rt.com/news/631179-denmark-soldiers-greenland-deployed/

AS THE EUROPEANS AND THE AMERICANS ARE MOVING TROOPS ABOUT IN REGARD TO “WHO OWNS” GREENLAND WE SHOULD ASSESS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF WAR…

— ISRAEL HAS KILLED — AND IS STILL KILLING — NUMEROUS PALESTINIANS SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN 1947…

— THE KIEV REGIME IS LOSING MORE THAN 1,100 SOLDIERS A DAY, WHILE TRYING TO RESIST THE FAIR DEMANDS OF RUSSIA [WE SAY FAIR BECAUSE THE WEST AND THE KIEV REGIME ACTED DECEITFULLY TO PROVOKE THIS CONFLICT…

— IRAN IS UNDER THE THREAT OF WAR FROM A MAD AMERICAN PRESIDENT, SADLY, WE ARE CLOSE, YET AGAIN, TO A WORLD CONFLICT. 

HERE WE PROPOSE TO SURVEY WHAT HAS BEEN WRITTEN OVER THE YEARS, ABOUT WAR IN THE ENCYCLOPAEDIAS…

==========================

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA — 1888……

[part of Gus Leonisky’s collection of books]

WAR.

by Col. J. F. MAURICE, Professor of Military Art and History, Staff College, Farnborough.

WHATEVER definition of the word “army” (see Army) be adopted, the fact that it is a body of men organized for the effective employment of arms is the essence of it. Hence the nature of the most effective organization and employment of armies in active warfare at any given period has always turned upon the nature of the arms in use at the time.

The laboratory and workshops of science in recent years have in fact produced and forced on a change in the nature of fighting, of a kind which it is safe to say never entered the mind of any one of the inventors whose skill made it necessary.

And yet the change is of such a kind that though due to the development of very material things, as, for instance, the greater rapidity of fire, the greater range of weapons, and the like, it is much more remarkable in its effect on the spirit of armies and the nature of fighting discipline than in almost any other aspect.

In all periods of war, under all conditions of arms, the moral forces which affect armies have been the great determining factors of victory and defeat. From a date much earlier than the day when Caesar, defeated at Dyrrachium, gained the empire of the world by so acting as to restore the morale of his army before the great contest at Pharsalia, it has been on this nice feeling of the moral pulse of armies that the skill of great commanders has chiefly depended.

In that respect there is nothing new in the modern conditions of war. But the sequence by which the development of arms has changed the moral pivot of military power in our own times is so remarkable that it deserves to receive a somewhat careful historical statement at the outset of this article. Unless it is understood the lessons of modern fighting cannot be learnt; for there has not yet occurred a modern war in which the principles of modern fighting, as they are now universally understood among the most thoughtful soldiers of all nations, have been deliberately applied to action, after those principles have been realized and worked out in practice during peace time. And yet it is among the first of these principles that for success in our days careful peace practice, adapted to the actual conditions of fighting, must precede the entry on a campaign.

When letters from the seat of war in 1866 brought home to Europe the effect which the breech-louder was producing in determining the contest, the first impression was that of simple consternation.

It was supposed that Prussia, by the possession of that weapon alone, had made herself mistress of Europe. Gradually it came to be known that the secret of Prussian power lay, not in her breech-loader alone, but at least as much-in her perfect organization. In 1870 her scarcely less startling successes tended for a time to produce an effect almost as blinding upon the eyes of those who watched them. There was a disposition to assume that whatever had been done in the Europe, shown to be the best thing that could be done under the circumstances.

The exhaustive statement of facts contained in the Prussian official narrative and in the regimental histories, and the evidence of eye-witnesses innumerable, have, however, gradually made it evident that, valuable as the experiences of the 1870 campaign unquestionably are for soldiers of all nations, the Prussian successes were certainly not due to the carrying out of what are now regarded by the best Prussian officers themselves as the principles of action which ought to determine practice in future wars. But during the course of the war itself the Prussian army, prepared by the soundest peace training to adapt itself to whatever conditions it met with, was continually and progressively modifying its practice under the experience of conditions which it had been impossible fully to anticipate.

It is upon the surface of the facts that the extreme loss of life suddenly occasioned at particular points by the effectiveness of the fire of the new weapons, both of artillery and infantry, compelled the gradual abandonment of close formations of men, massed together in dense columns or even in closed lines, and the gradual adoption of what are known as “skirmishing" or open order formations.

In other words, when the French fire fell upon the solid columns of the advancing Prussians, the column instinctively scattered. The officers and non-commissioned officers were often lost in very large proportion, and during the actual course of the fighting, without any preconceived idea on the subject, a method of attack was adopted which proceeded by successive swarms of dispersed men taking advantage of such shelter as the ground permitted.

The noise of the rapid breech-loader, and the crash of an artillery able to fire much more frequently than in former campaigns, and, moreover, accumulated in much greater masses than had ever been the case before, made words of command inaudible at a distance. Hence it came to pass that small parties of men, once launched into an infantry fight, were virtually beyond all control on the part of superior officers.   

       AND MORE…..

WAR.

by Col. J. F. MAURICE, Professor of Military Art and History, staff College, Farnborough.

===========================

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA — 1974….

[part of Gus Leonisky’s collection of books]

war (combat): see warfare, conduct of war, laws of 19:538, portions of international law dealing with the inception, conduct, and termination of war.

The text article covers the history of laws of war, the idea of civilized standards of warfare, and the ways in which international law seeks to limit the conduct of war.

REFERENCES in other text articles:

• customary law rules evolved 9:744h

• guerrilla warfare agreements 8:463g

• human rights and humanitarian principles 8:1184h 10

• international agreements on conflict 9:732d

• Kellogg-Briand pact 19:973b

• military courts and jurisdiction 12:196f

• neutral's rights defense by Wilson 19:837f

• pillage law development in 1600s 11:78c

• primitive warfare prohibitions 13:846c

• war crimes punishment agreements 19:556e

RELATED ENTRIES in the Ready Reference and Index:

angary; annexation; armistice; belligerency; blockade; cease-fire; conquest; contraband; embargo; Geneva conventions; Hague conventions; letter of marque; neutrality; privateer; prize court; safe-conduct……

==========================

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA — 2026….

[Internet]

[img_assist|nid=58275|title=|desc=|link=none|align=none|width=640|height=378] 

========================

NEW WORLD ENCYCLOPEDIA: 

[Internet]

A war an armed conflict between nations or conflicting political communities. Wars are necessarily intentional. The actors are states, competing alliances or one or more communities within a state that are seeking either independence and statehood or the outright overthrow of the extant government. Wars may be waged against not only nations but against alliances or blocks of nations or other organized militant communities. By definition, wars are widespread and protracted with few exceptions, and are typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.

The factors leading to war are often complicated and due to a range of issues. Wars are provoked by territorial disputes, by mounting pressure for a pre-emptive strike against a hostile force, or in response to calls for retaliation against foes that have been identified as aggressors. Wars may also result from religious, ethnic, or ideological differences.

In accord with Just War theory, wars between nations should be declared by the legitimate government authority. A declaration of war is not normally made in internal, or civil, wars. Notably, since the end of World War II, there have been a number of undeclared but substantive wars fought because of alleged threats to national security or in response to a call for assistance from the government of a friendly ally.

The violent nature of war raises moral issues, and leads to the question of whether war is an inevitable, even essential, part of human existence or whether a world of peace is possible. The achievements of leaders such as Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. in securing political and civil rights while eschewing weapons shows the potential of a countervailing response to the proposition of Prussian philosopher of war, Carl von Clausewitz that "war is the pursuit of politics by other means." Indeed, the use of non-violent civil disobedience to achieve political objectives offers the possibility of a world without war.

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/War

===================

YOURDEMOCRACY.NET RECORDS HISTORY AS IT SHOULD BE — NOT AS THE WESTERN MEDIA WRONGLY REPORTS IT — SINCE 2005.

         Gus Leonisky

         POLITICAL CARTOONIST SINCE 1951.

IMAGE AT TOP: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNpGBTU_jt4

In this gripping tale, a decorated soldier uncovers a military cover-up, plunging into a dangerous quest for truth. Loyalties are tested as he delves deeper into the shadows of his past, risking everything for justice. Starring: Kelsey Grammer, Cary Elwes, Viola Davis Directed By: Richard Benjamin

GUSNOTE: AS SOON AS CARY ELWES COMES ON THE SCREEN, THERE IS AN UNCANNY RESEMBLANCE WITH A YOUNG PETE HEGSETH....